Nanotechnology is universally recognized as one of the most important scientific fields of the twenty-first century. Biomedical applications of this technology include nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, one of seven emerging research areas highlighted by, and funded through, the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. The advancement of this field relies on the combined efforts of researchers from many different backgrounds, including clinicians, biomedical engineers, materials scientists, applied physicists, and toxicologists. The need for a high-quality interdisciplinary review forum was pressing, and WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology looks to fill that niche. The topical coverage includes: Toxicology and regulatory issues; Implantable materials and surgical technologies; Diagnostic tools; Nanotechnology approaches to biology; Therapeutic approaches and drug discovery; Biology-inspired nanomaterials.