Journal of Applied Animal Research (JAAR) is an international open access journal. JAAR publishes articles related to animal production and fundamental aspects of genetics, nutrition, physiology, reproduction, immunology, pathology and animal products. Papers on cows and dairy cattle, small ruminants, horses, pigs and companion animals are very welcome, as well as research involving other farm animals, aquatic and wildlife species. In addition, manuscripts involving research in other species that is directly related to animal production will be considered for publication.